Hematologist-oncologists, hematology-oncology NP/PAs, hematology-oncology nurses, and pharmacists should be better able to use criteria for erythroid-stimulating agent (ESA) failure to hasten the identification of patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) refractory to ESA therapy, integrate safety and efficacy data on emerging therapeutic options into treatment planning for patients with lower-risk MDS after ESA failure, and integrate a multidisciplinary treatment approach after taking part in this CME activity.