Contemporary outcomes of CTO PCI have been primarily defined by large registries and multicenter studies, providing insight into procedural success, safety, and clinical effectiveness across a broad range of practice settings.

According to one review, cardiovascular risk in HoFH is driven not solely by LDL cholesterol levels at a single point in time, but by cholesterol burden over time, or the total lifetime exposure to LDL cholesterol.

MACE was identified in 121 of 4267 patients (2.8%), including all-cause death (1.3%), cardiovascular death (0.7%), nonfatal MI (0.5%), and hospitalization for unstable angina (1.0%).

Drawing largely from observational data, mechanical valves were associated with superior overall survival but increased bleeding due to lifelong anticoagulation.

“For healthy eating to be more attainable and sustainable, we recommend people focus on their overall eating pattern rather than specific nutrients or foods.” — Alice Lichtenstein, DSc, FAHA, AHA Writing Committee Chair

“Careers are long, but childhood is short. Our patients matter deeply and depend on us, but our families need us in ways no one else can replace.” – Dr. Luis G. León-Alvarado